@Article{SaraivaCWZAPHBBMB:2014:HiViEl,
               author = "Saraiva, Antonio Carlos Varela and Campos, Leandro Zanella de 
                         Souza and Williams, E. R. and Zepka, Gisele dos Santos and Alves, 
                         J. and Pinto Junior, Osmar and Heckman, S. and Buzato, Tiago 
                         Santos and Bailey, J. C. and Morales, C. A. and Blakeslee, R. J.",
          affiliation = "{Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto 
                         Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Massachusetts 
                         Institute of Technology} and {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas 
                         Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais 
                         (INPE)} and {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and 
                         {Earth Networks} and {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais 
                         (INPE)} and {University of Alabama in Huntsville} and 
                         {Universidade de S{\~a}o Paulo (USP. IAG)} and {NASA Marshall 
                         Space Flight Center}",
                title = "High-speed video and electromagnetic analysis of two natural 
                         bipolar cloud-to-ground lightning flashes",
              journal = "Journal of Geophysical Research D",
                 year = "2014",
               volume = "119",
               number = "10",
                pages = "6105--6127",
             abstract = "High-speed video records of two bipolar cloud-to-ground flashes 
                         were analyzed in detail. They both began with a single positive 
                         return stroke that was followed by more than one subsequent weak 
                         negative stroke. Due to the elevated cloud base height of its 
                         parent thunderstorm, the preparatory processes of each subsequent 
                         negative stroke were documented optically below cloud base. In the 
                         first event (Case 1) it was observed that all four subsequent 
                         negative strokes were initiated by recoil leaders that retraced 
                         one horizontal channel segment previously ionized by the positive 
                         leader. Those recoil leaders connected to the original vertical 
                         channel segment and propagated toward ground, producing four 
                         subsequent strokes that had the same ground contact point as the 
                         original positive discharge. The second event (Case 2), in 
                         contrast, presented 15 subsequent strokes that were initiated by 
                         recoil leaders that did not reach the original channel of the 
                         positive stroke. They diverged vertically toward ground, making 
                         contact approximately 11 km away from the original positive strike 
                         point. These results constitute the first optical evidence that 
                         both single- and multiple-channel bipolar flashes occur as a 
                         consequence of recoil leader activity in the branches of the 
                         initial positive return stroke. For both events their total 
                         channel length increased continuously at a rate of the order of 
                         104 m s-1, comparable to speeds reported for typical positive 
                         leaders. Key Points Inception of subsequent strokes of natural 
                         bipolar cloud-to-ground flashes First report of inception 
                         mechanism of negative phase of bipolar CG flashes High-speed 
                         camera and multiple LLS study of bipolar CG flashes ©2014. 
                         American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.",
                  doi = "10.1002/2013JD020974",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013JD020974",
                 issn = "0148-0227",
                label = "scopus 2014-07 SaraivaCWZAPHBBMB:2014:HiViEl",
             language = "en",
        urlaccessdate = "27 abr. 2024"
}